We’ve always basically known this was the case and that it was the actual intention behind these laws. But that knowledge was based on history, some studies and a lot of simple logic. But since 2008 numerous states have passed these laws. So we now have enough election data for an empirical study. A group of researchers at UC-San Diego are the first to look at validated election data, not self-reporting, to do controlled analysis of differential voting rates in Voter ID and non-Voter ID states. And the results are dramatic. Just one example: Hispanic voter turnout is fully 10% lower in Voter ID states than non-Voter ID states.